| Ingredient | Function | Effectiveness | |------------|----------|----------------| | | Reduces redness, supports ceramide production | β β β β β (Well-proven) | | Centella Asiatica (Cica) | Wound healing, anti-inflammatory | β β β β β | | Zinc PCA | Antimicrobial, sebum regulation | β β β ββ | | Peptides (e.g., Matrixyl 3000) | Supports collagen, reduces expression lines from clenching | β β β ββ | | Allantoin | Soothing, protects against irritation | β β β β β | | Hyaluronic Acid | Hydration, plumping | β β β β β |